• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    A heat engine comprising at least one cylinder (1) with a warm area (2) designed for heating a working medium and a cold area (4) designed for cooling the same working medium, the warm area and the cold area being located above a heat-storing regenerator area (3) for exchanging the working medium between the warm area and the cold area, at least one warm piston (23) for displacing the working medium from the warm area into the cold area and in the cold area at least one cold piston (43 ) is provided for the displacement of the working medium from the cold region into the warm region and the at least one hot piston and the at least one cold piston with a gear (61 to 63 or 71 to 76) cooperate, and at least one regenerator piston (33) for displacement the working medium is provided from the regenerator, wherein a Totr aum is avoided for the working medium.
    公开号:AT518926A1
    申请号:T50700/2016
    申请日:2016-08-02
    公开日:2018-02-15
    发明作者:
    申请人:Edelweis Energy Systems Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Heat engine
    The invention relates to a heat engine.
    Such machines belong to the class of hot air or Stirling engines which operate as motors under heat and cooling and as heat pumps when driven.
    In hot-air or Stirling engines, there are significant problem areas: a. The Carnot cycle, which underlies the machine, and that of the
    Temperature difference between hot and cold state dependent efficiency can not be achieved due to mechanical - design constraints (friction, heat transfer losses) by real machines. b. Another fundamental point why the efficiency of existing
    Stirling machines can not follow the theoretical efficiency of the Carnot cycle is the fact that a part of the working volume is always present in the regenerator and heat exchanger. This, also called dead space volume causes that here the working medium can not be used to gain work and this in turn always reduces the feasible efficiency of the machine. c. ) The heating and cooling of the working medium always requires a certain amount of time, which is why a continuous movement of the piston body precludes the theoretically achievable efficiency.
    An object of the invention is to provide a heat engine in which a dead space can be largely avoided and in which by an improved piston design and piston movement, the efficiency can be increased.
    This object is achieved with a heat engine, according to the invention consisting of at least one cylinder with a designed for heating a working fluid warm area and designed for cooling the same working medium cold area, the warm area and the cold area over a heat storage
    Regenerator area to exchange the working medium between the warm area and the cold area are related to each other, wherein in the warm area at least a warm piston to displace the working medium from the warm area in the cold area and cold area at least a cold piston to displace the working fluid is provided from the cold area in the warm area and the at least one hot piston and the at least one cold piston with a gear cooperate, and at least one regenerator piston for displacing the working fluid from the regenerator is provided, wherein a dead space for the working fluid is avoided.
    Thanks to the invention, a heat engine, which operates in principle as a Stirling engine can be created with high efficiency.
    Further expedient developments are characterized in the dependent claims.
    The invention together with further advantages is explained in more detail below by way of example embodiments, which are illustrated in the drawing. In this show
    1 shows an arrangement of the pistons of a heat engine according to the invention in a simplified sectional view,
    2 likewise in a schematic section the piston arrangement according to FIG. 1 together with an electromechanical control, FIG.
    3 is a simplified representation of FIG. 1 with three cutting lines,
    4 is a section along the plane IV-IV of Fig. 3,
    5 shows a section along the plane V-V of Fig. 3,
    6 is a section along the plane VI-VI of Fig. 3,
    Fig. 7 shows the individual phases of a working cycle on the basis of the piston movements with reference to a pv diagram and
    Fig. 8 shows an example coupling of three pistons of a heat engine according to the invention by means of a mechanical transmission in different phases of work and
    Fig. 9 in a sectional perspective view of the basic structure of a heat engine according to the invention with flat piston.
    In order to increase the readability of the text, some terms used later are explained / defined.
    Area of the cylinder:
    By a portion of the cylinder is meant a portion which: □ represents the surface on the inside of the cylinder opposite the piston and the volume in which the respective piston moves inside the cylinder. □ gets heat from the outside in the warm area. □ in the regenerator inside a heat-storing layer having the property of a regenerator and is insulated to the outside. □ remove heat to the outside in the cold area.
    Piston:
    A piston is to be understood as a body which: □ has a surface opposite the working space, which in the inserted state corresponds to the surface of the cylinder and can displace the entire working volume in this area. □ is both thermally and mechanically stable and tight against the working medium. □ is guided in a straight line over the entire movement sequence, that is, from the maximum approach to the inner cylinder surface to the maximum distance from the inner cylinder surface. This corresponds to the entire stroke. □ connected to a gearbox. □ thermal insulation between working space and gearbox possible. □ A piston thus fulfills the requirements of being able to displace volume on the one hand and of transmitting work to a transmission on the other hand. In addition, it may have a heat-storing coating opposite the working medium.
    regenerator
    Regenerator means: □ the area of the cylinder through which the working medium flows between the warm area of the cylinder and the cold area of the cylinder and back again. □ The coating on the inner surface of the cylinder and the coating on the outer surface of the piston in this area, with good heat storage properties and low thermal conductivity along the temperature gradient. These layers represent the regenerator. □ The regenerator piston, which is able to displace the entire working medium from the regenerator area. □ The outer layer of the cylinder, which thermally insulates the inner heat-storing layer to the outside.
    Transmission:
    Under gear is a device to understand which: □ each piston individually assign a specific position and direction of movement at any time. □ The piston can move so that the volume of the medium can be kept as constant as possible by the resulting movement in the case of Isochore in the Carnot process, and in the case of the isotherm in the Carnot process, the temperature of the medium can be kept as constant as possible. □ A gearbox can be made purely mechanically or electromechanically or in a mixed form.
    The machine described below is intended, on the one hand, to eliminate the dead space on the one hand by means of its special design and, on the other hand, to achieve a discontinuous control of the pistons by means of a gear that the temperature difference between the working medium and the heat exchangers and the regenerator can always be kept as low as possible. This is achieved by controlling the speed and flow of the working fluid along the three different areas - warm heat exchanger, regenerator, cold heat exchanger.
    In particular, the possibility is created to completely displace the working medium from the regenerator area by means of a regenerator piston.
    Inside the machine is the working medium which preferably contains an approximately ideal gas, e.g. Helium, air or nitrogen is.
    Referring first to Fig. 1, the cylinder 1 as such comprises three different regions:
    In the warm area 2, a part 22 serves as a warm heat exchanger and is continuously heated by an external heat source, plotted as a sun symbol, to heat the working medium.
    The regenerator region 3 with a storage layer 32 and a regenerator piston 33 with a storage layer 31 serves to exchange the thermal energy between the working medium and the storage layers 31, 32.
    In the cold region 4, a part 44 serves as a cold heat exchanger for dissipating the thermal energy to an external heat sink, represented symbolically as an ice crystal.
    The pistons may optionally be connected to a mechanical transmission, for example as described below in connection with FIG. 8, or in each case to electromechanical linear motors / generators, which are described below in connection with FIG. 2, for example.
    If the pistons are mechanically connected to a transmission, the control of the piston movement takes place via a cam mechanism, which enables a discontinuous movement and speed of the pistons optimized to a defined temperature gradient between the hot and cold region of the cylinder.
    If the control of the pistons by linear motors / generators, they are controlled by a control and processing unit 84 shown in FIG. 2, which, based on sensor data, depending on the pressure and temperature conditions in the individual areas of the cylinder, the direction of movement and the speed of the piston is affected. This has the advantage that the optimization for different temperatures in the hot and cold part of the engine without exchange of a transmission is possible.
    In the cold region 4 of the cylinder 1, a temperature sensor 82 and a pressure sensor 83 are arranged, which detect corresponding data and pass it on to the control and processing unit 84. Another temperature sensor 81 detects the temperature of a latent heat accumulator 24 (see also FIG. 1) and also forwards this data to the control and arithmetic unit 84.
    The speeds and directions of movement of each piston can be determined by the state of the working medium (temperature and pressure) at any time.
    Returning to Fig. 1 it can be seen that the (hollow) cylinder 1 is cylindrical at its base and then frusto-conical. The cylinder 1 has the "warm" area 2 and the "cold" area 4 and, in between, the regenerator area 3. The cold region 4 of the cylinder 1 ends - in the drawing on the right - in a cylindrical insulating region 5, inside which the pistons are e.g. may be provided with known piston rings, not shown, for pressure-tight completion of the working medium.
    For connecting the cylinder 1 with the mechanical gear not shown in FIG. 1 or the linear motors / generators, the above-mentioned cylindrical insulating section 5 is used.
    The cylinder 1 is made in the hot region 2, part 22 and in the cold region 4, part 42 of a pressure-resistant good thermal conductivity material, such. Iron or copper. In the region of the regenerator 3, the cylinder is externally composed of an insulator 34, e.g. Ceramic, and inside of a well heat storable storage layer 32 made of a material with a low thermal conductivity along the temperature gradient.
    In the cylinder 1 there are three reciprocally movable and concentrically arranged pistons 23, 33 and 43. The innermost piston 23 and the outermost piston 43 are working pistons whose surfaces are each provided with layers 21,41 high heat storage capacity. The innermost, warm piston 23 is, in the drawing on the left, in the inserted dead center the heated warm area 2 of the cylinder 1 and the outermost cold piston 43 in the inserted dead center to the cooled cold area 4 of the cylinder 1 against. The surfaces of the innermost and outermost pistons 23 and 43 are connected to the high heat storage layers 21, 41, e.g. Iron or copper equipped. The middle piston 33 is the already mentioned above regenerator piston 33. He stands in the inserted dead center of the storage layer 32 and the insulation 34 of the cylinder 1 and is provided with the storage layer 31, which has a high heat storage capacity with low thermal conductivity in the direction of the temperature gradient, such as eg Iron or copper.
    The part 22 in the warm region 2 of the cylinder 1 is surrounded on its outer side by a housing 26 which contains the latent heat storage 24, which consists for example of a salt or aluminum, as possible to level an alternating external heat supply and the temperature thereby keep the inside as constant as possible. The latent heat storage is selected based on its melting point and its specific heat. For example, 1 dm3 of liquid aluminum at 10 kW heat dissipation, the temperature for 95 sec at 660 ° C hold, 1 m3 more than 26 hours.
    The part 42 in the cold region 4 of the cylinder 1 is surrounded on its outside with a cooling device 44, which may for example contain a cooling liquid.
    As is apparent from Fig. 2, a supply line 45 and a derivative 46 are provided in the cold region 4 of the cylinder 1 for the supply and removal of a coolant.
    An electromechanical transmission with a housing 77 includes the already mentioned linear motors / generators, which in the present case fixed coils 72, 74, 76 and moving through these magnets 71, 73, 75 have.
    The control and movement of the piston is performed by the control and computing unit 84, which controls the linear motors / generators in the process. The innermost warm piston 23 is moved by a parent to him linear motor / generator 71-72 or is in communication with this. Likewise, the regenerator piston 33 is moved by a linear motor / generator 73-74 associated therewith, and also the outermost cold piston 43 is moved by its own linear motor / generator 75-76. The linear motors are combined in a common drive unit, which is detachably connected to the housing.
    The control is carried out by a control part of the control and processing unit 84, which receives information from the temperature sensors 81, 82 and the pressure sensor 83 and read together with the information supplied by current sensors 87, 88, 89, processed so that the movement takes place in the form shown later in FIG. A desired goal is to keep the temperature difference between the working medium and the heat exchangers and the regenerator as low as possible. This is achieved by controlling the speed and flow of working fluid along the areas.
    A power section 86 of the control and processing unit 84 receives the electrical energy produced by the linear motors / generators to be forwarded to an external power store (in the case of island operation) or to the electrical grid. The power section 86 of the control and processing unit 84 includes, for example, a short-term electrical energy storage 85, e.g. a capacitor with 5000 pF / 450 V for 10 kW at 1200 rpm, which corresponds to the flywheel in a purely mechanical control. This temporary memory stores the energy from the expansion and outputs it continuously to the network or external memory and also provides the electrical energy needed to operate the linear motors during compression.
    Referring now to Figures 3 to 6, Figure 4 shows a cross-section through the warm area of the machine in which the innermost, warm piston 23 is inserted at top dead center. The piston surface is designed to increase the surface of a star and fits into a correspondingly executed surface of the
    Inside of the cylinder 1.
    Fig. 5 shows a cross section through the regenerator region of the machine. Also, the regenerator piston 33 is designed to increase the surface of a star and fits into a correspondingly executed surface of the inside of the cylinder 1. In the center is the innermost piston 23 which is round or cylindrical in this area.
    A cross section through the cold region of the engine is shown in FIG. 6, in which the outermost cold piston 43 is inserted at top dead center. The piston surface is star-shaped at the front and round or cylindrical at the rear. Accordingly, the associated surface of the inside of the cylinder 1 is round or cylindrical. Inside the cold piston 43 is both the warm piston 23 and the regenerator piston 33, both of which are also round or cylindrical in this area.
    The sequence of movements of the piston connected via the transmission and the energy intake and delivery will now be illustrated with reference to FIG. 7. With Q the thermal energy of the working medium is referred to, which is supplied by the warm heat exchanger (Q <= warm) or delivered to the cold heat exchanger (Q => cold) or with the
    Regenerator (Q <= / => regenerator) is replaced. W indicates the work on the gearbox. The arrows on the pistons indicate the movement that begins in this image and continues until the next one. In particular, reference numerals used for various components in FIG. 1 are also used, so that FIG. 7 is always to be considered with FIG.
    Phase m - a. In this phase work is dissipated to the transmission and the warm piston 23 moves away from the cylinder 1 due to the expansion of the working fluid. The temperature of the working medium is kept constant by the heat release on the side of the part 22 of the cylinder and the storage layer 21 of the warm piston 23.
    Phase a - b. The warm piston 23 moves through the expansion of the working medium to the maximum stroke and continues to work.
    Phase b - c. The warm piston 23 is moved by the transmission again in the direction of the cylinder 1. At the same time, the regenerator piston 33 is moved away from the cylinder 1. As a result, the working medium is guided past the regenerator storage layers 31, 32 and in the process releases heat to them. The process of dissipating heat to the regenerator storage layers 31, 32 continues throughout the phases b-f.
    Phase c - d. In the open position of the regenerator piston 33, the cold piston 43 is moved away from the cylinder 1. The warm piston 23 is moved in the direction of the cylinder 1. This leads to the overflow of the working medium via the regenerator 3 from the warm to the cold region of the cylinder 1; this applies to the entire phases c - e.
    Phase d - e. The warm piston 23 is displaced to the cylinder 1. The cold piston 43 is moved away from the cylinder 1.
    Phase e - f. The regenerator piston 33 is moved to the cylinder 1. As a result, the working medium is completely displaced into the cold region 4 of the cylinder 1.
    Phase f - g. In this phase, work is supplied through the transmission and the cold piston 43 moves toward the cylinder 1. The temperature of the working medium is kept constant by the heat absorption of the cold region of the cylinder part 42 and the storage layer 41 of the cold piston 43.
    Phase g - h. The cold piston 43 is pushed further in the direction of the cylinder 1, work continues to be supplied by the transmission.
    Phase h - i. The cold piston 43 is moved further in the direction of the cylinder 1. The regenerator piston 33 is moved away from the cylinder 1 and the working fluid begins to move past the regenerator storage layers 31, 32 and absorbs heat therefrom. The process of heat transfer from the regenerator storage layers 31, 32 to the working medium continues during phases j-m.
    Phase i - k. When the regenerator piston 33 is open, the cold piston 43 continues to move towards the cylinder 1. The warm piston 23 begins to move away from the cylinder 1.
    Phase k - 1. The warm piston 23 is moved further away from the cylinder 1 and the cold piston 43 is displaced to the cylinder 1. The working medium is thereby moved further into the warm region 2 of the cylinder 1.
    Phase 1 - m. The regenerator piston 33 is pushed to the cylinder 1. The working medium is thereby completely shifted from the regenerator region 3 into the warm region 2 of the cylinder 1. The warm piston 23 is simultaneously moved away from the cylinder 1.
    Referring to Fig. 8, an example of mechanical control will be explained. The control and movement of the pistons, which in principle correspond to those of FIG. 2 but are shown shortened in the axial direction, is effected by a cam mechanism shown to the right in the drawing by the pistons, in which the respective cam members 62 are frictionally connected to a piston rod 61.
    The designated with the letters a to m phases of the movements of the individual pistons are controlled by the arrangement of the cam members 62 so that at a constant temperature on the warm side and a constant temperature on the cold
    Side of the cylinder, a movement of the pistons with the aim of keeping the temperature difference between the working fluid and the heat exchangers and the regenerator always kept as low as possible. This is achieved by controlling the speed and flow of working fluid along the areas.
    The curve members 62 are, in only schematically illustrated, but clearly recognizable to those skilled in the art with each other and connected to a flywheel via a shaft 63.
    It should be illustrated with reference to FIG. 9 that a circular-cylindrical design of the pistons and of the cylinder, although often preferred for production-related reasons, is by no means compulsory. The cross section of the collars could also be elliptical and is, as it were in extreme cases, as shown in Figure 9, flat and wedge-shaped. This arrangement is suitable, for example, to directly suspend the machine from the sun and to use the heat thus obtained.
    Here, the upper regenerator piston 33, which can displace the working medium from the upper part of the regenerator region 3, is located below the warm region 2 facing the sun.
    Again below this is another wedge-shaped lower regenerator piston 33, which can displace the working fluid from the lower part of the regenerator 3.
    Below this regenerator piston is the cold piston 43, which serves to displace the working fluid from the cold region 4. In the cold area 4, the heat is exchanged for a heat sink (air or hot or heating water).
    Other possible embodiments may include, for example, a 5-piston 1-cylinder engine, not shown. In such a case, the hot and the cold flask are each again divided concentrically to even better use of the heat transfer to and from the surfaces of the piston and the cylinder in the isothermal phases, namely f - h: cooling and m - b: heating to enable.
    Reference numeral 1 cylinder 2 warm area 21 storage layer, warm piston 22 heat exchanging part of the cylinder, warm area 23 warm piston 24 latent heat accumulator, cylinder, warm area 26 housing, cylinder, warm area 3 regenerator area 31 heat storage layer, regenerator piston 32 heat storage layer, cylinder Regenerator section 33 regenerator piston 34 insulation, cylinder, regenerator section 4 cold section 41 heat storage layer, cold piston 42 heat exchanging part of the cylinder, cold section 43 cold piston 44 cooling 45 cooling water supply 46 cooling water discharge 5 insulating area 6 mechanical gear 61 piston rods 62 cams 63 shaft with flywheel 7 electromagnetic gear 71 magnet, warm piston 72 coil, warm area 73 magnet, regenerator piston 74 coil, regenerator range 75 magnet, cold piston 76 coil, cold area 77 housing, electromagnetic transmission 8 electrical control 81 warm temperature se nsor 82 cold temperature sensor 83 pressure sensor 84 arithmetic unit 85 short-term energy storage
    86 Power section / current output 230 V 87 Warm current sensor 88 Regenerator Current sensor 89 Cold current sensor
    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [1]
    claims
    1. Heat engine comprising at least one cylinder (1) with a designed for heating a working fluid warm area (2) and designed for cooling the same working medium cold area (4), wherein the warm area and the cold area via a heat-storing regenerator (3 ) for exchanging the working medium between the warm area and the cold area, at least one warm piston (23) for displacing the working medium from the warm area into the cold area and in the cold area at least one cold piston (23). 43) is provided for displacing the working medium from the cold area into the warm area and the at least one hot piston and the at least one cold piston cooperate with a gearbox (61 to 63 or 71 to 76), and at least one regenerator piston (33) for Displacement of the working medium is provided from the regenerator, wherein a Totrau m is avoided for the working medium.
    [2]
    2. Heat engine according to claim 1, characterized in that a regenerator piston (33) touches at least a warm piston (23) and a cold piston (43) at least in a partial region of its longitudinal extent and that at least one cold piston (43) and a warm piston (23) touches a regenerator piston (33) at least in a partial region of its longitudinal extent.
    [3]
    3. Heat engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the warm piston (23), the regenerator piston (33) and the cold piston (43) have surfaces which cooperate with corresponding toothed or wavy surfaces of the inner cylindrical surface (Fig. 3 to 6).
    [4]
    4. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the transmission (71 to 76) is formed by linear motors.
    [5]
    5. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the at least one regenerator piston (33) is driven by at least one linear motor.
    [6]
    6. Heat engine according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the linear motors are combined in a common drive unit which is releasably connected to the housing.
    [7]
    7. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the housing in the warm region and in the cold region, a thermally conductive material selected from the group consisting of a metallic material, in particular steel and copper.
    [8]
    8. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the housing in the regenerator a heat-insulating material selected from the group consisting of ceramic, in particular porous ceramic, cork, wood, and foams.
    [9]
    9. Heat engine according to one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that the heat engine has a control and computing unit (84) which is adapted to the linear motors, with the cold piston (43) and the warm piston (23) Cooperation and the at least one linear motor, which drives the regenerator piston (33) to control.
    [10]
    10. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the heat engine has an external power supply and / or an energy store (85) for electrical energy.
    [11]
    11. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the pistons are designed as a flat piston (Fig. 9).
    [12]
    12. A method for operating a heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the linear motors, which cooperate with the at least one hot piston body and the at least one cold piston body, for displacement of the working medium from the warm area in the cold area by means of at least one Warm piston (23) and for displacing the working fluid from the cold area in the warm area by means of at least one cold piston (43) and the at least one linear motor for driving the at least one regenerator piston (33) are used to displace the working medium from the regenerator ,
    [13]
    13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the controlling of the linear motors comprises the switching between motor operation and generator operation of the linear motors.
    [14]
    14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the control unit is adapted to electrical energy from the at least one hot piston (23) and the at least one cold piston (43) cooperating linear motors in their operation as generators to the at least one, to drive the regenerator piston (33) driving linear motor.
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    同族专利:
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    AT518926B1|2018-05-15|
    引用文献:
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    DE19945679C1|1999-09-24|2000-11-30|Albert Koch|Thermodynamic machine uses at least three rotary pistons within stationary cylinder for cyclic transfer of light working gas to edge of cylinder head and from edge of cylinder head to center of cylinder head|
    JP6230484B2|2014-05-23|2017-11-15|学校法人 名城大学|Linear Stirling engine power generator and power generation method using the same|WO2020065528A1|2018-09-24|2020-04-02|Saipem S.P.A.|Thermal storage integrated with stirling motor|
    US11268476B2|2019-05-21|2022-03-08|General Electric Company|Energy conversion apparatus|
    法律状态:
    2020-11-15| PC| Change of the owner|Owner name: KAIROS BETEILIGUNGS GMBH, AT Effective date: 20200922 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50700/2016A|AT518926B1|2016-08-02|2016-08-02|Heat engine|ATA50700/2016A| AT518926B1|2016-08-02|2016-08-02|Heat engine|
    PCT/AT2017/060186| WO2018023142A1|2016-08-02|2017-07-24|Heat engine|
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